Permeability estimation can provide data support for the analysis of seepage capacity of petroleum geological core reservoirs. In order to improve the seepage capacity of petroleum geological core reservoirs, a permeability estimation method of petroleum geological core reservoirs based on X-CT scanning technology is proposed. According to the ratio of oil permeability to water permeability in two-phase co-infiltration zone, Buckley-Leverett equation is introduced to calculate the diversion rate of water flooding oil in core reservoir, and the distribution of petroleum geological cores is scanned by X-CT scanning technology to calculate the water saturation of core reservoir. Based on the phenomenon of fluid flow between the borehole and the formation in the permeable zone, the volume modulus of mud in the core reservoir and the shear modulus of the formation are calculated, and the fluid mobility index is calculated by using the difference between the measured stoneley wave time difference and the elastic stoneley wave time difference. According to the correlation between equivalent porosity and fluid mobility index and the correlation between equivalent porosity and permeability, the permeability of petroleum geological core reservoir is estimated. The experimental results show that this method can improve the estimation accuracy to over 90%. It is of great significance for estimating the permeability of petroleum geological core reservoirs.