Through in-depth analysis of China's oil and gas import and export situation from 1994 to 2023, it is concluded that China's oil and gas trade cooperation has been deepening over the past 30 years, and has made remarkable achievements, but the dependence on imported oil and gas, and the risk of security of supply has also increased significantly. China's crude oil reached a net import of 562.57 million ton in 2023 from a net export of 6.20 million ton in 1994, and the apparent external dependence rose sharply from 26.85% in 2000 to 72.91% in 2023. China's refined oil products were in a net import status from the year 1994 to 2014, and began to turn into a net export in 2015. In 2023, the net export of refined oil products was 15.15 million ton. Natural gas imports have been rising since 2007, jumping from 1.42×109 m³ to 158.95×109 m³ in 2023, with apparent external dependence rising from 2.01% to 40.61% accordingly. In the future, as the international energy market enters into a period of structural adjustment and dynamic change, China's oil and gas imports are still facing the problems of over-reliance and supply channel security. In order to manage the challenges, China should continue to strengthen the ability to increase production and storage capacity, accelerate the transformation and upgrading of refining and petrochemical industry, deepen the stable and reliable energy cooperation of the “the Belt and Road” initiative, and actively develop and increase overseas equity assets to ensure national energy security.